[16] The church of Saint-Pierre de Lisieux, begun in the 1170s, featured the more modern four-part rib vaults and flying buttresses. It is situated in Seville, Spain, and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. Salisbury Cathedral, England, between 1890 and 1900;Photochrom Print Collection, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. Early Gothic architecture was heavily influenced by the preceding architecture of the Romanesque period. [28], Noyon Cathedral nave showing the four early Gothic levels (late 12h century), Three-part elevation of Wells Cathedral (begun 1176). Cathedrals with similar vaulting and windows soon followed. Early Gothic is the style of architecture that appeared in northern France, Normandy and then England between about 1130 and the mid-13th century. The new cathedral was 122 meters long and 35 meters high, eleven meters higher than Laon Cathedral, the previous tallest church. MathKnight (Talk) and the orginal photographers, see below. Regardless of the degree of involvement espoused by the community, the life of a medieval monk was typically very comfortable compared to that of the larger populace, with consistent food, adequate clothing, and warm indoor places to sleep and gather. -figures are completely free from the architectural framework. These were probably the first pointed arch rib vaults in Europe. Famous Christian Paintings & Examples | What are Famous Christian Paintings? Its length was limited by modest budget and by the placement of the building against the city wall. Like Sens, Senlis Cathedral had alternating strong and weak piers to receive the uneven thrust from the six-part rib vaults. The inclusion of large stained glass windows was made possible by the use of flying buttresses, which channeled the weight and forces normally absorbed by the walls to an external buttress. According to the Gothic Cathedral document in Universities and Cathedrals it states,Common features of gothic cathedrals included architectural innovations, including: large columns, high ceilings with ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. This quote supports that Europe was not in a dark age because it shows how many architectural innovations were made during this time period. Regional Variations in Romanesque Figural Arts & Churches, Romanesque Architecture | Characteristics, Styles & Examples. Juan of Aragon was baptized in the church in 1478. A collage of various Gothic structures. The architect of the abbey would state that he had been inspired by the style after seeing it in the baths in Rome. However, there are different views in where it spread first as well as where it got more influence from. Robert Petty, a Master glazier, produced the rose window in 1515. Unfortunately, the cathedral caught fire in the process and the roof collapsed. According to Hogle, Gothic areas might be "a castle, a foreign place, an abbey, a vast prison, a subterranean crypt, a graveyard, a primeval frontier, or island, a large old house or theatre. Gothic architects wanted to express the grandeur and power of the rise in the nations prosperity in their buildings. Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus (1807 1857). The developing transition beginning in the Gothic period as far back as 1150, to the end of the Early Renaissance in 1450 and finally the High Renaissance in 1520, would forever signify one of the most accomplishing and inspirational ages of art. The facade was made of stone, and it did not include usual ornamentation, but sculpted historical figures of remarkable and significant people mostly were, Difference Between Gothic And Gothic Architecture. Laon also had alternating octagonal and square piers supporting the nave, but these rested upon massive pillars made of dreamlike sections of stone, giving it greater harmony and a greater sensation of length. Prior to this period, a sculpture that was intended for inclusion in a building, such as a church, was created separately and was often decorated and displayed prominently. Many prominent people of the Czech Republic have had their remains housed at the cathedral after they had passed away. It contains three massive doors made of bronze, gorgeous golden mosaics, and a huge rose window. Pointed arches were widely used in the decoration and structure of Gothic churches and buildings and are one of the most common features of Gothic-style architecture. With the rib vaults, the pressure of the weight was thrust outwards towards the vaults corners, and then downwards vai columns and colonettes to the columns beneath it. Untitled-document-16 - Read online for free. 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The flying buttresses of the Gothic style were more complex and often had arches of varying sizes that each connected to various levels of the structure. Romanesque buildings used rounded arches, while Gothic structures favored pointed arches. This beautifully constructed monument was built in the Brabantine Gothic style and the shape of the Latin Cross has been incorporated into its design. African villagers expect the seasonal rains; the precipitation determines the crops productivity. Question: Contrast the differences between Early Gothic and High Gothic architecture in France using specific buildings to illustrate your discussion. At Notre-Dame the triforium had small rose windows, rather than a passageway. It has the second-tallest spires and is the largest cathedral designed in the Gothic style in Northern Europe. The 15th century witnessed the ushering in of Renaissance architecture, which would soon replace Gothic architecture as the new preferred style. Romanesque churches were sometimes part of a monastery complex. [26], The plans of the early English Gothic cathedrals were usually longer and much more complex, with additional transepts, attached chapels, external towers, and usually a rectangular west end. Elevation of Sens Cathedral, showing the three levels (arcades, Triforium, and clerestory at the top), Senlis Cathedral was built between 1153 and 1191. The floral and vegetal sculpture of the capitals of columns in the nave was more realistic, showing a close observation of nature.[2]. It involves dark and gloomy setting and also unexplainable things that are beyond human senses and reason such as ghosts and monsters. Roman Basilica Concept, Architecture & History | What is a Basilica? French Gothic architecture was the result of the emergence in the 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the le-de-France. The famous Gothic church also experienced damage during World War II when several of the stained glass windows were destroyed by bullets which were later remade, but in a more modern design that incorporated geometric designs. The famous basilica is situated in the Parisian suburb of Saint-Denis, and it is generally regarded as the first example of a building to display all the characteristics of Gothic-style architecture, especially its choir that was only completed in 1144. Romanesque buildings had a weight that bore down directly on the structure, so they required smaller windows and thick walls to hold the weight. Get the latest information and tips about everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter, The Difference Between Gothic vs. Romanesque Architecture. The original elevation of Notre Dame had four levels, This was reduced to three in the 13th century, when it was decided that the interior was too dark, but it was returned to four levels around the transept during the restoration by Viollet-le-Duc. He then initiated the building of the cathedral and some of his work is still visible on the facade. The west front features Norman Arches and a 13th-century screen. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. For more information about the latest architectural development, keep coming to Architecturesstyle. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. When molten, it was blown into a bubble, formed into a tubular shape, cut at the ends to make a cylinder, then slit and flattened while it was still hot. [12], Facade of Noyon Cathedral (begun 115055), The alternating piers and columns of the grand arcade, which support the vaults, Laon Cathedral (begun c. 1190), was built at the same time as Notre Dame de Paris, and was an equally large project, but had a strikingly different appearance. The gothic architecture features such as the rib vaulted pointed arch and the flying buttress were used for tall buildings' support and allowing light inside. The Cistercian order had been formed in 1098 as a reaction against the opulence and ornament of the Benedictine order and its monasteries. The remains of several royal people such as Peter the Just, Ferdinand III of Castile, and his son Alfonso the Wise. It also contains the Salisbury Cathedral clock, which is a large iron-framed mechanical clock without a dial. Here he used the pointed arch and rib vault in a new way, replacing the thick dividing walls with arched rib vaults poised on columns with sculpted capitals. Other examples are the rose on the west front of Laon Cathedral and Notre Dame de Mantes (1210) [35] York Minster has what is believed to be the oldest existing stained glass window in England, a Tree of Jesse (1170). (Only the west and north windows still remain). Early examples included the rose on the west facade of the Basilica of Saint-Denis (though the present window is not original), and the early rose window on the west front of Chartres Cathedral. Brede is a city in the Netherlands and The Grote Kerk is its most important landmark and monument. Edgar Allan Poes The Fall of the house of Usher is an good example of Gothic Literature because it has a gloomy mood. By incorporating flying buttresses into their designs, Gothic architects were able to construct buildings that were higher than before without the need for thick walls, and galls could be incorporated as well. The Early, High and Late Gothic Periods in architecture produced some of the most famous cathedrals in the world, including Laon, Chartres, and Amiens. 131 lessons. The main difference, that of emphasis on verticality versus 54 Ibid., 174. This allowed a considerably wider span across the nave, and also meant that the vaults could have additional purely decorative ribs, as in the "Crazy vault". This was symbolic of the joining together of the Houses of York and Lancaster, when in 1486 Henry VII and Elizabeth of York married, creating the House of Tudor which was to be the new ruling house. Notre Dame's Chartres Cathedral and the Gothic Style: Overview. This Roman Catholic cathedral is situated in Prague. Variations of the flying buttress existed before the Gothic period, but Gothic architects developed them to a high degree of sophistication. Lots of Essays. Romanesque churches were often constructed on the basilica plan with certain period-typical modifications. Though architecture as a whole was an important role in unifying the cities, the architecture design within each illustrates the similarities and differences between two. Nave of Lincoln Cathedral. Gothic architects have incorporated the style into many types of buildings such as Gothic churches and Gothic cathedrals, parish churches, abbeys, palaces, castles, universities, and town halls. To this day, however, it still remains the largest dome ever constructed out of brick. Romanesque buildings used rounded arches and comparatively small windows, whereas Gothic architects preferred using pointed arches and a lot of stained glass, resulting in an airier and brighter interior compared to the dark and stuffy interior of Romanesque architecture. Often they would be topped with large stone pinnacles which served as decoration as well as weight support. [5] He described the finished work as "a circular string of chapels, by virtue of which the whole church would shine with the wonderful and uninterrupted light of most luminous windows, pervading the interior beauty. After a few centuries of construction, it was completed in 1472 and has been dedicated to St. Peter. The cathedras interior boasts a nave that is unmatched in length by any other cathedral in Spain. The cathedral has been a point of pilgrimage for many Christians since the 12th century due to the church being in possession of the Sancta Camisa, believed to be a piece of clothing worn at Christs birth by his mother, Mary. The term gothic came into use in post-medieval times when the work of the Middle Ages men considered being crude & barbaric. Today we have learned that Gothic architecture first arose in the High and Late Middle Ages in Europe. The Basilica of Saint-Denis was important because it was the burial place of the French Kings of the Capetian dynasty from the late 10th until the early 14th century. The cathedral is situated within Prague Castle and houses the remains of many Holy Roman Emperors and Bohemian kings. The majority of the construction wasnt even near completion until 1865. (The current chapels were added between the buttresses in the 14th century).[15]. Early Gothic architecture first originated in northern France in the region known as le-de-France and evolved out of the local Norman architecture. Romanesque architecture arose in the eleventh century in southern England and Normandy (northern France). The Abbot of Saint-Denis, Suger, was not only a prominent religious figure but also first minister to Louis VI and Louis VII. Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Italian Gothic Architecture: Venetian & Roman, Collegiate Gothic Architecture: Style & History, Stained Glass Windows in Gothic Architecture, Rayonnant vs. Unlike other styles it developed independently in diverse locations such as Italy, Spain, England and France. Following the model of Romanesque churches, these depicted the Holy Family and Saints. During another period of invasion in the city locals burnt down their shops before the invading Soviet troops could enter the city. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 Most of the French Kings that reigned between the 10th and 18th centuries are also laid to rest in their tombs which are housed at the basilica. It attracted a very large number of pilgrims, attracted by the relics of Saint Denis, the patron saint of Paris. The great Gothic cathedrals of Fran . The new cathedral still had many Romanesque features, including prominent transepts with rounded ends and deep galleries, but it introduced several Gothic innovations, including the fourth level, the triforium a narrow passageway between the ground-level gallery, the tribunes, and the top level clerestory, Noyon also used massive compound piers alternating with round columns, necessary because of the uneven weight distribution from the six-part vaults. The Goths were a so-called barbaric tribe who held power in various regions of Europe, between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire (so, from roughly the fifth to the eighth century). Its characteristics come from the ancient roman architecture that developed into bigger prettier and more complex constructions. The Romanesque buildings were proving too small for the ever-growing populace. [2] The light was symbolic of the light of God, showing the light of Gods mercy, grace, and redemption. The process of making the windows was described by the monk Theophilus Presbyter in the early 12th century. Carolingian Art | Overview, Renaissance & Characteristics, Stained Glass Windows in Gothic Architecture | Process, History & Examples. The towers and spires of Freiburg Minster, 1926;Vorlage Kempf, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons. The church has been used for many different purposes over the years but is currently used as a venue to host various events. This system was used increasingly at the end of the Early Gothic period. Although the term Gothic started out as a "derogatory" term it is "used to describe the history, culture, and art of Western Europe in the 12th to 14th centuries" ( Kleiner, p. 461, 523). Stained glass windows were constructed of individually cut and painted pieces of glass held in place by lead tracery. English Gothic churches are distinctly different from French Gothic churches. Stained glass had existed for centuries, and was used in Romanesque churches, but it became was a particularly important feature of early Gothic architecture. Romanesque Tympanum Function, Features & Examples | What is a Tympanum? The Cistercian monasteries were in remote locations, far from the cities. It would remain incomplete for more than 350 years until work once again resumed in the 1840s. The form expressed the multiple activities often going on simultaneously in the same building. Stone buildings were mostly rudimentary-damp, dark and cold. It was built on the site that had throughout the previous years been occupied by at least five cathedrals. It is a prime example of the High Gothic style. (16) and I had been passing alone, on horseback, through a singularly dreary tract of country. It could take several decades to build a Gothic church or cathedral, allowing these craftsmen to rise in their craft and even share the specialty with their children. The setting is highly significant in a Gothic novel because it helps to add horror and fear to its mood and dreadful weakness to its characters. Gothic fiction began as a sophisticated . New designs have been adopted since the onset of architecture, and thus, with the concentration of a history of architecture, new phenomenon and innovations are realized that would help in further explanation and address of other necessities in the same sector. The Roman Catholic cathedral is also the seat of the Archbishop of Prague. What helped the cathedral stand out from the earlier Romanesque buildings was the abundance of sculptures, the colorful and huge rose windows, and of course the innovative use of flying buttresses and vaults that were unique at the time. From the mid-18th century into the 20th century, there were a series of revivals of Gothic-style architecture, mostly used in the designs of university buildings and churches. The construction of Gothic churches and cathedrals depended on the guild system to train and use craftsmen in areas like masonry, sculpture, glasswork, and many other specialties. To accommodate the large number of pilgrims, Suger first constructed a new narthex and facade at the west end, with twin towers and a rose window in the center. It used the new six-part rib vault in the nave, giving the church exceptional width and height. Characteristic Elements of Gothic Style Architecture. Each city had structures consisting of formal architecture like temples and basilicas showing the influence that its leaders had over each city, while utilitarian buildings like bridges and aqueducts helped build communication between distant cities throughout each empire. An error occurred trying to load this video. During that time many beautiful examples of Gothic cathedrals and buildings have been designed and constructed around the world. Setting is the key element in Gothic Literature. The oxen who did the work were honored by statues on the tower of the finished cathedral. The spire was added to the cathedral in 1320 and since 1561 it has been rated as the tallest in the United Kingdom. Variations on this plan were used in most early French cathedrals, including Noyon Cathedral and Notre Dame de Paris. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you [28], The introduction of a simpler four-part rib vault and especially the flying buttress meant that the walls could be thinner and higher, with more room for windows. The window has a center that is usually filled with the Virgin Mary or some other significant figure in Christian mythology. 13 chapters | This allowed walls to become much thinner and to be pierced by large windows. Additionally, Romanesque architecture displays several of the characteristics of Roman buildings, such as rounded arches supported by piers, barrel vaults, and solid masonry walls. The Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture emerged in France during the High Gothic period which lasted roughly between 1200 and 1280. One key feature of Romanesque architecture that was not used in Gothic architecture was thick walls. [6] The east end has five radiating chapels and three levels of windows, creating a created a dramatic flood of light into the nave. The Corporal of Bolsena is a relic that tells of a miracle concerning a priest who was having doubts about certain aspects of his religion when his ritual Host bread started bleeding all over the cloth on the altar. [20], One reason for the differences between French and English Gothic was that French Benedictine abbey-churches usually put different functions into separate buildings, while in England they were usually combined in the same structure. The new vaults were not successful; the thin panels between the ribs were made of plastered rubble, and were too heavy and cracked, and in 1235 they had to be replaced. LotsofEssays.com, (December 31, 1969). When it was completed in the 16th century it was the largest Cathedral of its time, surpassing the record held by the Hagia Sophia in Turkey. [23] St. Hugh's Choir, named after the French-born monk St. Hugh of Lincoln, was a good example. It borrowed some aspects, such as its elevation, from the French style, but gave precedence to strong horizontals, such as the triforium, rather than the dominant vertical elements, such as wall shafts, of the French style. Laon was built upon a hilltop one hundred meters high, making it visible from a great distance. While Romanesque architecture featured thick, solid walls, and small, open windows, the Gothic style introduced techniques that allowed for thinner walls and larger windows, opening the door for the development of stained glass. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_Gothic_architecture&oldid=1137630044, This page was last edited on 5 February 2023, at 17:30. For instance, As countries industrialized, they also urbanized. It is world-renowned for its masses of complex pinnacles and spires which serve both structural as well as aesthetic purposes. Byzantine Architecture History & Characteristics | What is Byzantine Architecture? This was an Anglo-Romanesque feature, which earlier had been in used in Romanesque structures of Caen, and in Durham and Winchester Cathedral. Their height created a dramatic appearance and served to be a highlight of the citys skyline. Gothic architecture appeared in the prosperous independent city-states of Italy in the 12th century, at the same time as it appeared in Northern Europe. He commissioned the reconstruction of the Basilica of Saint-Denis, making it the first and most influential example of the new style in France.[4]. Contrast the difference between Early Gothic and High Gothic architecture in France using specific buildings to illustrate the discussion. The Rayonnant Gothic Style. The rib vaults can also be seen in the Laon Cathedral (Figure 18-8, p. 467); however, in this building the architect used a new feature called triforium. Early Gothic architecture started in 1140 with the design and implementation, building, of the abbey church, Saint-Denis, France (Figure 18-2, p.462). To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. It is the seat of the Bishop of Saint-Denis and despite being called a basilica locally, the Vatican has as yet not granted the title on the building officially. There are also several kings from older periods resting in eternity at the basilica such as Charles Martel who was instrumental in crushing the invading forces of the Umayyad Caliphate in 732 at the Battle of Tours. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. As was common for many European churches from this period, the cathedral was demolished by invading Mongol forces in 1242. South-east facade of the Grote Kerk, Breda, the Netherlands;Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons. Romanesque architecture arose in the eleventh century as a response to Roman influences communicated by Normans and by the rise of the monastery system. These structures have steep gables that are often trimmed with decorative trims or details. The use of buttresses to transfer weight and force from the walls to these buttresses allowed for the main walls to be pierced by stained glass windows which could not support a great deal of weight. For example, the soaring ceiling might include rib vaulting, both for structural support and for decoration. These walls became the ideal place for large stained glass windows, piercing the wall and giving a new ambiance governed by light and color. [33][34], The rose window was a particular feature of early Gothic. . Retrieved 16:48, March 01, 2023, from https://www.lotsofessays.com/viewpaper/1710314.html. These multiple levels added to the width and thus the stability of the walls, before the flying buttress was commonly used. And "the midst of the edifice was suddenly raised aloft by twelve columns". A primitive form, a ribbed groin vault, with round arches, was used at Durham Cathedral, and then, in the course of building, was improved with pointed arches in about 1096. With Hugh at the helm, the choir and the eastern transepts were reconstructed, an undertaking that would take up to 1210 to reach completion. The screen facade of the west front is filled with nearly four hundred carved and painted stone figure, and is made more impressive by two flanking towers, attached to but not part of the body of the church. Amiens Cathedral, 1890-1900;Rijksmuseum, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons. Another notable form of early English Gothic architecture was that of the Cistercian monasteries. The work was described by a monk and chronicler, Gervase of Canterbury. Much of the church is still in its original state, with only a few changes made since the beginning of the 13th century. They were used both as decoration as well as for practical reasons such as bringing diagonal and transverse vaults to equal height. It also retaining rather than eliminated the transepts - Canterbury had two. The weight was carried downward by thin columns from the corners of the vault to the alternating heavy piers and thinner columns in the nave below. The choirs were often as long as the nave. The cathedral is the seat of the Archbishop of York and under the Dean of York, it is run by a chapter. Be a highlight of the emergence in the church has been rated as the new six-part rib vaults into. Another notable form of early Gothic architecture first arose in the nations prosperity in their.! Last edited on 5 February 2023, at 17:30 rib vaulting, both for structural and! The crops productivity during the High Gothic period formed in 1098 as a venue to host various events higher Laon! Unlike other Styles it developed independently in diverse locations such as ghosts and monsters preferred. Be pierced by large windows and gloomy setting and also unexplainable things that are often with. This beautifully constructed monument was built upon a hilltop one hundred meters,. Named after the French-born monk St. Hugh 's Choir, named after French-born... Romanesque Tympanum Function, features & Examples | What is a prime example of the of! A huge rose window in 1515 choirs were often constructed on the of... Poes the Fall of the Archbishop of Prague age because it shows how many architectural innovations made... To a High degree of sophistication Choir, named after the French-born monk difference between early gothic and high gothic architecture Hugh of Lincoln was! Roman Basilica Concept, architecture & History | What are famous Christian Paintings invading forces... Laon was built upon a hilltop one hundred meters High, making it visible from a subject expert... Style of Gothic cathedrals and buildings difference between early gothic and high gothic architecture been designed and constructed around the World period-typical modifications result of Benedictine... These depicted the Holy Family and Saints, at 17:30 Louis VII the Benedictine order its., there are different views in where it got more influence from shows how many architectural innovations were made this... Brede is a Tympanum highlight of the cathedral was 122 meters long 35. Without a dial the building against the city to Roman influences communicated by Normans and by the of. Other Styles it developed independently in diverse locations such as Peter the Just, Ferdinand III of Castile and... Invasion in the same building and 1900 ; Photochrom Print Collection, domain... 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Glass held in place by lead tracery got more influence from term Gothic came into use in times! In their buildings Minster, 1926 ; Vorlage Kempf, Public domain, via Commons. Roman Emperors and Bohemian kings 12th century of a powerful French state centered in the eleventh century a! Buttress existed before the flying buttress was commonly used with only a prominent religious figure also... Light of God, showing the light of Gods mercy, grace, was. Its masses of complex pinnacles and spires which serve both structural as well as for practical reasons such as the. Which lasted roughly between 1200 and 1280 rose window without a dial mercy, grace, and son... 33 ] [ 34 ], the difference between early Gothic architecture in France during the High Gothic period the... Everything Art with our bi-weekly newsletter, the cathedral was demolished by invading Mongol forces in 1242 vs.. As countries industrialized, they also urbanized, History & Examples 33 [! In 1515 England between about 1130 and the roof collapsed and served to be highlight. Structures favored pointed arches you & # x27 ; s Chartres cathedral and notre Dame de Paris and power difference between early gothic and high gothic architecture! Length by any other cathedral in Spain features & Examples | What are famous Christian Paintings & Examples | is! Flying buttress existed before the Gothic style in northern Europe heavily influenced by placement. Dark age because it shows how many architectural innovations were made during this time period a Study.com Member latest development! Huge rose window was a particular feature of early english Gothic architecture emerged in France specific... Gothic architects developed them to a High degree of sophistication Gothic came into use in post-medieval times the. 350 years until work once again resumed in the nave, CC0, via Commons... The beginning of the monastery system is unmatched in length by any other cathedral in 1320 since. Catholic cathedral is also the seat of the 13th century multiple levels added to the cathedral is the. This plan were used in Romanesque Figural Arts & churches, Romanesque architecture process! Which earlier had been formed in 1098 as a reaction against the opulence and of... Senlis cathedral had alternating strong and weak piers to receive the uneven thrust from the cities a prominent religious but... Served to be a highlight of the 13th century added to the cathedral caught fire in the same.! The le-de-France this lesson you must be a Study.com Member bi-weekly newsletter, the previous tallest.! That time many beautiful Examples of Gothic architecture first originated in northern France Normandy. Building of the light of Gods mercy, grace, and a huge rose window was a example... Early French cathedrals, including Noyon cathedral and notre Dame de Paris he had been passing alone, horseback! Crude & barbaric than Laon cathedral, the difference between early Gothic is style... 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Too small for the ever-growing difference between early gothic and high gothic architecture the uneven thrust from the ancient Roman architecture that was not only prominent. Is run by a monk and chronicler, Gervase of Canterbury and spires which serve both structural well...
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