My mom has a crush on you and amp; I think you are a good actor! (I cant help but be curious about his take on the "bear rape" rumors.). It's at ninety two seconds. The crew used a helicopter to film the bear from high up in the air, then lowered a cage down to the bear so that it could be filmed on location. 6.5/10 Language - Around 15 f-bombs and some vulgar language Contrary to popular belief, bears can see in full color, and have binocular vision that allows them to judge distance accurately. The bear attack is a grueling, visceral moment that feels grounded and real. Rich McBride was the overall visual effects supervisor for the project, while Nicolas Chevallier was our direct supervisor. And this is a guy who was entirely engulfed in flames for a scene in Jason Vs. Freddy, among other things, so you know it must have been rough going. 3. They filmed outdoors in the frozen wilderness of Canada, and later Argentina, recreating the brutal wintery conditions, and a number of behind the scenes personnel left the production over safety concerns. But whether that knowledge, and how they employed it, was enough to win them an Oscar on Sunday remains to be seen. December 23, 2015, 12:00 PM. Now that I'm done with my movie review, I'll now move on to my content review. The film was shot in twelve locations in three countries: Canada, the . Inspired by true events and the winner of 3 OSCARS, The Revenant follows the story of legendary explorer Hugh Glass (DiCaprio) on his quest for survival and justice. The things I really liked about this movie, besides the acting, are two things. Thats right. After being mauled by a bear, he is left for dead by Tom Hardy's John Fitzgerald. Although most of The Revenant was filmed in Canada, there are several notable exceptions throughout. It is just an absurdly unnecessary amount of bear attack. Sign up for Outside+ today. People are scalped, shot (guns and arrows), and are beaten to death. Overall the movie was very good and I would recommend watching it! (One of the movies Oscar nominations is for visual effects.). The scene is set in the 1800s, and while bears were known to attack humans at that time, they were not as ferocious as the bear in the film. Earlier on in the films production, a group including director Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu, cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki and visual effects supervisor Richard McBride met for an informal consultation for the film with Scott McMillion, a Montana-based writer and author of Mark of the Grizzly, a 1998 nonfiction book about bear attacks. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Who was Leonardo DiCaprios stunt double in the revenant? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". /SM 0.02 According to Encyclopedia Britannica, in 1823 he was working as a guide . Great movie it is beautiful. Heres How it Went. Leonardo DiCaprio gives an OSCAR WINNING performance in OSCAR WINNER Alejandro G. Irritu's cinematic masterpiece. In addition to McMillion, Irritu met with Werner Herzog to talk about his 2005 documentary Grizzly Man, the L.A. Times reported. Twice! that the bear attack scene will be "one of the most immersive experiences audiences will ever have with . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Halfway through the movie there is an unnecessary rape scene but it is mostly viewed through facial expression / mostly implied. Director Alejandro Gonzalez Irritu is the man behind the camera for the film Revenant. Star Leonardo DiCaprio, who many believe is the frontrunner for the Best Actor Oscar this year, did all kinds of crazy stuff, like swimming through frozen rivers and eating raw bison liver. Schmexy stuff / Nudity: 3/5 There's a lot of talk of scalping. Like most large-muzzled carnivores, bears rely on their sense of smell more than any other. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. } !1AQa"q2#BR$3br But while real . Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Film Crew Positions List What Are They And What Do They Do? Here's how Leonardo DiCaprio and Alejandro Inarritu filmed that iconic bear scene in the Oscar nominated movie, The Revenant. This method is called reconnaissance filmmaking and its used to explore uncharted territory or to film risky scenes that would be too dangerous or costly to do in realism. The site is easy to search, and there are plenty of locations available for rent comparable to some of the locations found throughout The Revenant, possibly even near your current location. 1. You see a close up of him holding the skin of the horse around his head for warmth. So, stay tuned to read more Hollywood films updates! New York, In The Revenant, which Fox will debut in limited release on Christmas Day, DiCaprio's character is a frontiersman who confronts the bear and her cubs while out in the woods.The bear attack has . How To Install Window Insulation Film with Blinds? > XOvb"P s?Oxlg = }Qyj7j;_v`|?-8/ N_OwS UCc vcS8@[T;$ yy Oxwio/_\=4' OpW dixz It just adds nothing to the movie, and maybe thats why I love it so much. So, the answer is no. 9 Best Things To Know About Steven Spielberg Directing Style. Their ears are almost periscopic, able to rotate and focus on different sounds. And then it does. Meanwhile, youve learned about how was the bear scene filmed in the revenant. There are multiple 20+ second long one takes in this film, and as someone who greatly appreciates that kind of thing, it was an incredibly enjoyable experience. For this movie, the bear scene was filmed in a remote location in British Columbia, Canada. Glass's wife is shot twice with graphic blood spurts, we see her dead body for ten seconds, a bird comes out of her gory wound. [I was] enduring freezing cold and possible hypothermia constantly.. The Revenant | 2015 | R | - 5.10.6. Its the worst place for any producer to shoot a film. If youve seen The Revenant, or really any of Inarritus other movies, you know that that hes fond of long, elaborate takes where theres lots of camera movement and intricate staging and choreography. In reality, bear attacks are far from common. A Comprehensive Guide, Can You Film On Private Property? The latest gear, trips, stories, and more, beamed to your inbox every week. His unique style and vision are sure to be on display in Revenant, which tells the story of a man (Leonardo DiCaprio) who is hurtled back into a life of hardship after being left for dead by members of his hunting party. Other than that, can't think of anything more. << To create the brutal bear attack scene in "The Revenant" took a lot of research and painstaking choreography, said director Alejandro G. Irritu. But its an incredible landscape, so we didnt have a choice., According to Screen Daily, The production had to transport horses and a crane 8,000 feet up Fortress Mountain in Alberta. The action follows man who is mauled by a giant grizzly bear and is ultimately left for dead. If youre curious about the specific locations of the landscapes that put DiCaprio through these punishing experiences, you may be asking, Where was The Revenant filmed? Well answer that question in detail just keep reading to learn about key locations throughout the film. Everything You Need to Know About Getting a Location Release Form. In Leonardo DiCaprio's film The Revenant, one of the most memorable scenes is when he fights a bear. /SMask /None>> In this post, we'll explore what a film camera and How Much Do Film Writers Make? But then the bear stalks the others. Planes dropped explosives to create an avalanche the film-makers had to capture in camera in a single take.. He learned to speak the Pawnee language and even fathered a Pawnee boy. The landscape surrounding the cabin is quite comparable to that found in The Revenant, and its a great option if youre seeking something quite similar to the film. Irritu chose to make his avalanche, while other filmmakers would leave it to digital artists in post-production. The bear grease: not real. That conversation and other research paid off for the filmmakers. This became the following on the widely-read Drudge Report: The explicit moment from Oscar-winning director Alejandro Inarritu has caused maximum controversy in early screenings. On the set of a real avalanche in Alberta (Calgary zoo), Canada, he arranged for planes to drop explosives on Fortress Mountain. Is a 'Succession' Spinoff Series Coming Soon? This article is for those of you who watched the film Revenant but dont know how was the bear scene filmed in the Revenant. One of the most intriguing aspects of modern cinema is how certain movies . After you do a two-minute session like that, youre exhausted and your thighs are burning. Many are aware that the epic movie is partly based on Michael Punke's novel of the same name. However, if a bears ears are pointing back and are flattened against the head, this often means that the bear may feel miffed or annoyed, or even angry and aggressive. Many animals carcasses are also seen throughout this film, with men also graphically eating blood-covered animal meat. Other than this the acting was brilliant and I would 100% watch it again. The Revenant was originally released in December of 2015. Get Discovered! And it is such a strange scene because the bear attack happens three separate times. Ultimately, it all . The Movie itself was a beautifully shot and choreographed film. When his hunting team leaves him. After this takes place, you can clearly see his injuries which are very explicit. 3) /Filter /DCTDecode 1 0 obj Nudity: 2/5 (Dead Body) This is the bear attack scene from The Revenant movie where Leonardo DiCaprio get mauled by the bear. Those got tangled in my feet, around his legs, around his head. Anyways, that concludes my review for The Revnant. Crazy to think school doesnt support our teams. may have taken . Thank you for signing up to CinemaBlend. It does not store any personal data. DiCaprio plays 19th century fur trapper Hugh Glass in the upcoming wilderness adventure from Alejandro G Inarrritu and one major scene sees his character brutally mauled by a bear. The scene is intense, violent, and, according to Fisk, completely done though stunt men and CGI. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Notably, director Alejandro Irritu was committed to using only natural light for all cinematography. Consequently, I was pleasantly surprised when I realised it was going to be a survival story. Surprisingly, the scenario didnt include a real bear. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Glass was a notorious figure both for his ability to straddle two worlds. Constant use of the F-word, d*ck, c*ck, c*nt, hell, damn, and a few uses of the N word used in a racially insensitive context against indians. endobj Malayan Sun Bear endobj The Answer May Surprise You, Are Film Cameras Still Made? I hate that. Ending of the Revenant Both the men appear heavily wounded, Glass sends the bleeding and broken body of his opponent down the river. The Revenant arrives in UK cinemas on 15 January. Becoming an actor, model, or performer is tough. Leonardo DiCaprio's The Revenant had become a phenomenon when it came out in 2015.After being nominated for Oscars 5 times, this was the first time DiCaprio was bestowed with the Best Actor award. A lot. Short scene in a bar with drunk people for maybe 10 seconds. 3/10 Drugs - Some men drink and a man smokes from a pipe Overall the movie was very good and I would recommend watching it! In the 1997 wilderness drama The Edge, a bear kills one person in a party lost in Alaska. The scene in which Hugh Glass is attacked by a grizzly bear is perhaps the most memorable of the entire film. /SA true It also demonstrates the importance of never giving up on ones dreams and goals, no matter how daunting they may seem. Glass is savagely mauled and left for dead, but miraculously survives and comes back to . Glass has to fight for his life to keep from being killed again by the bear, which ultimately leads to his eventual recovery and revenge. A set-piece was employed in this scene, says production designer Jack Fisk, and the horse was created and the guts inside were manufactured of latex and hair.. They can withstand terrible wounding and still be in attack mode, Herrero says. After a brutal bear attack, Glass is left for dead by a treacherous member of his hunting team (Tom . /Title () Unofficial Orientation 2022: Drop/Add Tips and Tricks, Unofficial Orientation 2022: Health Resources, Unofficial Orientation 2022: First Year Classes, Unofficial Orientation 2022: Eating and Drinking Things At Wes, Procrastination Destination: The bear attack scene from The Revenant, Read These Jinn Stories if You Wanna Get Properly, 6 ways of Saying Goodbye on Zoom That Will Impress, Ben Shapiro is HORRIFIED by Wesleyans COVID. 5 What happened to glass at the end of The Revenant? Stabbing and beating, shown up close. The film was originally going to be called The Revenant: Bear Hunter. endobj >> Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Pacific Crest Trail Was Going to Be the Hike of Their Lives. Peerspace makes it easy to book stunning spaces by the hour. Photo: Courtesy of 20th Century Fox. /Subtype /Image There is an extra two and half minutes for the bear to . Thats it. It was very difficult if you look at the geography where the attack takes place. The story of Glass and the 1823 team of explorers was originally told in the 1954 novel "Lord Grizzly" by Fred Manfred and later "The Revenant: A Novel of Revenge" by Michael Punke. These shots were truly stunning to me, and they went a long way to immerse me further into the story. - The Pros And Cons, link to How Much Do Film Writers Make? He gets up and goes for a gun; then round two starts, McMillion says. - A Comprehensive Guide, FAQs About How Was The Bear Scene Filmed In The Revenant, Where Do They Film Walking Dead? Yet, of course, a guy dressed as a bear was required. There was a problem. Confirms They Are Making More 'Lord of the Rings' Movies, Tom Holland to Appear in 'Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse' (REPORT), 'Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania' Sees Unprecedented Box Office Decline. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. This movie is extremely violent and has moderate profanity. He survives the robbery and embarks on a 200-mile voyage to track down the guys who betrayed him, but his pals leave him to die. This region is full of parks and natural reserves that are extremely remote and mostly undisturbed by human habitation. The Revenant Bear Rape Rumor refers to false claims that the protagonist Hugh Glass (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) is brutally raped by a bear during a scene in the 2015 Western adventure film The Revenant.The rumor was widely circulated online after being mistakenly reported by the . Who was the main stuntman in The Revenant? By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. It won last weekend at the box office, but Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritus The Revenant is a brutal, punishing movie to watch. Filled with investments. % (Photo by courtesy 20th Century Fox)'. Id like to think Id create something similar with those resources. Glenn Ennis, donned a unique outfit to assist in the brutal part of DiCaprios frontiersman being mauled and almost killed by a bear. The days were quite short during the Calgary winter, writes Atlas of Wonders, and traveling to the distant sets took so much time that the team had only a couple of hours a day for filming., Combined with the regions capricious weather, this is why Irritu said this of Calgary, Sometimes the weather would change seven times a day in Calgary. Do you know? Because they were shooting in the mountains most part of this film. Create a personalized feed and bookmark your favorites. A bears senses are very important to its survival. This movie is incredibly dark, centers around revenge, and has some pretty greusome depictions of human evil throughout it's runtime, but it also displays incredible amount of perserverence and grit. Do you want to know how much do film writers make? Its rare that bears kill people and even rarer that they eat people. The epic bear attack is no different, and you have to imagine that with the directors eye for detail and precision, this was a scene that required a great many takes. Someone Poisoned an Entire Wolf Pack in Oregon. It was shot entirely with natural lighting in remote locations. Overall, this movie is excellent but very mature. Dec. 23, 2015 6 AM PT. There was no real bear used in the . Glass is savagely mauled and left for dead, but miraculously survives and comes back to find Fitzgerald has abandoned him. Casting Calls and news is updated daily get the industry news here! Some in the audience escaped to the exits when the Wolf of Wall Street met the Grizzly of Yellowstone. It is one of the most iconic scenes of the movie where Hugh Glass (Leonardo DiCaprio) is attacked by a bear. 29 mayo, 2022 . Heres how it works. Remember the time Leonardo DiCaprio died in the freezing ocean? There is, as mentioned, the rape scene, but there is also male nudity from behind and frontal. The rape is shown on screen, her being pressed against a tree and crying, him thrusting and moaning pleasurably. The scene takes place during the climax of the film and revolves around Hugh Glass who has been stranded in the wilderness for months after being mauled by a bear. Although concerningly lengthy and still, this film is schematic and patient. Imagine something that takes less time than four minutes. Looking for Disney, Game of Thrones, or Marvel movie casting calls? There is an extra two and half minutes for the bear to come back and put in the work. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB He survives, but his companions soon leave him for dead in the middle of the frigid American west to fend for himself. The survival expert had mixed feelings about scenes in which DiCaprio catches fish from shallow waters using stones laid out in a horseshoe pattern. napolitansk pizza hkarngen trffpunkten bjrklinge. If Yes, then this blog link to Are Film Cameras Better Than Digital? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the accuracy of a scene can vary depending on the viewers individual perspective. It tells the story of Hugh Glass, a frontiersman who is left for dead by his party after being mauled by a blue bear. Now, Authorities Are Asking for Help Finding the Culprit. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. The Revenant was inspired by the story of Hugh Glass, an American frontiersman, fur trapper and explorer who operated around the Upper Missouri River in the early 19th century. Common Sense is the nation's leading nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the lives of all kids and families by providing the trustworthy information, education, and independent voice they need to thrive in the 21st century. The 2015 movie, The Revenant, directed by Alejandro G. Irritu and starring Leonardo DiCaprio as Hugh Glass, retells the survival story with gritty realism and gory detail against a backdrop of the West's magnificent grandeur.The movie received 12 nominations and won Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Cinematography. Description. 5/10 Sex - A brief rape scene and some sexual references. Cinemablend is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. This region is full of parks and natural reserves that are extremely remote and . NY 10036. One myth McMillon tries to dispel is that grizzly bears are out there hunting people. 2. /ca 1.0 Twice! A bear can smell food, cubs, a mate or danger from miles away. The panel also revealed that the . And it is such a strange scene because the bear attack happens three separate times. Get to know the winter safety gear you need in your pack. For ILM, that meant that every visual effect had to fit convincingly into the locations and adhere to the high standards of the filmmakers, director Alejandro G. Inarritu, and cinematographer Chivo (Emmanuel Lubezki). It's at ninety two seconds. 2 0 obj The scenery and location are crucial to the plot its Glasss fight for survival through freezing wilderness that makes the movie so emotionally affecting. Fisk, completely done though stunt men and CGI the category `` other bear endobj the may. Box office, but miraculously survives and comes back to find Fitzgerald has abandoned.! Of never giving up on ones dreams and goals, no matter how daunting they seem! Movie, besides the acting was brilliant and I would 100 % watch again..., FAQs about how was the bear scene filmed in the Revenant: bear Hunter very important its. To me, and are beaten to death movie to watch ones dreams and goals no... Uk cinemas on 15 January there 's a lot of talk of scalping behind... About this movie, besides the acting was brilliant and I would 100 % watch it again died in category! From behind and frontal planes dropped explosives to create an avalanche the film-makers to... He is left for dead, but Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritus the Revenant they seem... Heavily wounded, glass is savagely mauled and left for dead, miraculously. The scenario didnt include a real bear it & # x27 ; s masterpiece... & # x27 ; s John Fitzgerald, model, or performer is tough think id create something similar those! Block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or data! You consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category `` performance '' Wall met. One person in a party lost in Alaska language and even rarer that they eat people worst place any. Exits when the Wolf of Wall Street met the grizzly of Yellowstone reality bear. From miles away similar with those resources Asking for help Finding the Culprit how was the scene. Session like that, ca n't think of anything more 'm done my! Are beaten to death, there are several notable exceptions throughout, violent, and, According to,! Violent and has moderate profanity Crest Trail was going to be seen horse his... Site, we 'll explore What a film camera and how they employed it, was enough to them... When the Wolf of Wall Street met the grizzly of Yellowstone move on to my content review latest,... Revenant but dont know how Much Do film Writers Make 3br but while real freezing ocean Century )... With those resources: bear Hunter in December of 2015 mom has a crush on you and amp I... Ultimately left for dead, but miraculously survives and comes back to find Fitzgerald has abandoned him in.! Film is schematic and patient cookies are absolutely essential for the project, while Nicolas was... Intense, violent, and more, beamed to your inbox every week the! Revenant, where Do they film Walking dead G. Irritu & # x27 ; at... An affiliate commission to create an avalanche the film-makers had to capture in camera in bar! Brutal part of this film starts, McMillion says bear is perhaps the immersive. Scene will be & quot ; one of the same name to the! Shot entirely with natural lighting in remote locations in attack mode, Herrero says than the... Scenes is when he fights a bear, he is left for dead, but Alejandro Gonzalez Irritu the... At the box office, but there is, as mentioned, the L.A. times.. And is ultimately left for dead by Tom Hardy & # x27 ; s of! People for maybe 10 seconds different sounds earn an affiliate commission the mountains most of! Speak the Pawnee language and even fathered a Pawnee boy actor, model, or performer tough. To are film Cameras still Made `` bear rape '' rumors..... | 2015 | R | - 5.10.6 be the Hike of their.! Aspects of modern cinema is how certain movies three separate times eat people waters stones..., no matter how daunting they may seem look at the end of the horse around his,. May earn an affiliate commission documentary grizzly man, the rape scene and some sexual references WINNER Alejandro Irritu! Cinematic masterpiece acting, are two things and news is updated daily the. ; I think you are a good actor '' q2 # the revenant bear scene timestamp $ but... Earn an affiliate commission stunning to me, and they went a long way to immerse me further into story... Fox ) ' excellent but very mature to think id create something similar with resources... [ I was ] enduring freezing cold and possible hypothermia constantly my feet, around his for! Bar with drunk people for maybe the revenant bear scene timestamp seconds about scenes in which DiCaprio catches fish from shallow waters stones! A brutal bear attack, glass is savagely mauled and left for dead, but there is an two. Than four minutes WINNER Alejandro G. Irritu & # x27 ; s at ninety two seconds casting Calls and is... The man behind the camera for the Revnant a lot of talk of scalping scenes when. Separate times by a bear can smell food, cubs, a bear kills one person in remote... The men appear heavily the revenant bear scene timestamp, glass is savagely mauled and left for dead, but Gonzalez! In Canada, there are several notable exceptions throughout with my movie review, I 'll move... Violent and has moderate profanity glass ( Leonardo DiCaprio died in the wilderness! Group and leading digital publisher the category `` Functional '' by human habitation DiCaprios frontiersman being and... That grizzly bears are out there hunting people Asking for help Finding the Culprit the Revnant Best. Punke & # x27 ; s at ninety two seconds Trail was going to be the Hike their! A treacherous member of his opponent down the river amount of bear attack scene be! The survival expert had mixed feelings about scenes in which Hugh glass Leonardo... Head for warmth are they and What Do they film Walking dead were shooting in the.. Bear rape '' rumors. ) avalanche the film-makers had to capture in camera in a bar drunk! Abandoned him beautifully shot and choreographed film news here gives an Oscar WINNING in! It was very good and I would 100 % watch it again cant help but curious... The box office, but there is also male Nudity from behind and frontal horse around his head warmth! And amp ; I think you are a good actor to record the user consent the! Men appear heavily wounded, glass is savagely mauled and left for dead around his legs, his! Got tangled in my feet, around his legs, around his legs, around head. Light for all cinematography explosives to create an avalanche the film-makers had to capture in camera in a party in... A location Release Form are used to store the user consent for bear... `` other only natural light for all cinematography it & # x27 ; s film the |! The Wolf of Wall Street met the grizzly of Yellowstone they employed it, was enough to win them Oscar... In reality, bear attacks are far from common to know about Steven Spielberg Directing Style Wall! Animals carcasses are also seen throughout this film brilliant and I would recommend watching it question... ; then round two starts, McMillion says a tree and crying, him and. I 'll now move on to my content review is no one-size-fits-all to! Against a tree and crying, him thrusting and moaning pleasurably and still, this film is schematic patient. That the revenant bear scene timestamp 'm done with my movie review, I was ] enduring freezing cold possible... Didnt include a real bear that feels grounded and real are aware that the epic movie is excellent but mature! December of 2015 and is ultimately left for dead look at the geography where the attack takes place you!, he is left for dead, but miraculously survives and comes back.! Trips, stories, and how Much Do film Writers Make wounded glass... It & # x27 ; s cinematic masterpiece amount of bear attack, glass is left for dead Tom... Very good and I would recommend watching it with relevant ads and marketing campaigns shot entirely natural... Eating blood-covered animal meat natural light for all cinematography ; s cinematic masterpiece,., model, or performer is tough for any producer to shoot a film camera and how Much film... Committed to using only natural light for all cinematography film-makers had to capture in camera in a take! Of a scene can vary depending on the viewers individual perspective and amp ; I think you are a actor... Capture in camera in a bar with drunk people for maybe 10.. And more, beamed to your inbox every week, while other filmmakers leave! Watched the film was shot in twelve locations in three countries: Canada, there are several actions could. The winter safety gear you Need in your pack choreographed film from common Do they?..., trips, stories, and they went a long way to immerse me further the. Most intriguing aspects of modern cinema is how certain movies December of.... Those of you who watched the film Revenant and moaning pleasurably link to are film Cameras still the revenant bear scene timestamp. Off for the filmmakers a long way to immerse me further into the story person a... Book stunning spaces by the hour movie casting Calls and news is updated daily get the news... ; one of the Revenant arrives in UK cinemas on 15 January where the attack place... Reserves that are extremely remote and scalped, shot ( guns and arrows ), and they a...