[89][90], The politician, historian, and writer Gaetano Salvemini commented that even though Italian unification had been a strong opportunity for both a moral and economic rebirth of Italy's Mezzogiorno (Southern Italy), because of a lack of understanding and action on the part of politicians, corruption and organized crime flourished in the South. The Piedmont revolt started in Alessandria, where troops adopted the green, white, and red tricolore of the Cisalpine Republic. Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of the Two as they fell. Even so, it is estimated that, at the unification of Italy in 1870, only approximately 160,000 out of a population of almost 20 million spoke Italian (Smith 1969). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Their arrival in Rome was to coincide with an uprising inside the city. liberal political systems. Prussia's success on the northern front obliged Austria to cede Venetia (present-day Veneto and parts of Friuli) and the city of Mantua (the last remnant of the Quadrilatero). Ascoli, Albert Russell and Krystyna Von Henneberg, eds. The most well known writer of Risorgimento is Alessandro Manzoni, whose works are a symbol of the Italian unification, both for its patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of the modern, unified Italian language. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. introduced revolutionary ideas about government and society, resulting in an [12] The Italian national colours appeared for the first time on a tricolour cockade in 1789,[13] anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military war flag, which was adopted by the Lombard Legion in 1796.[14]. Department of State, U.S. WebThe final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by The group had embarked in Terni and floated down the Tiber. [116] Likewise Marco Pizzo argues that after 1815 music became a political tool, and many songwriters expressed ideals of freedom and equality. Charles Albert abdicated in favour of his son, Victor Emmanuel II, and Piedmontese ambitions to unite Italy or conquer Lombardy were, for the moment, brought to an end. The Italians [111], The relationship between Gaetano Donizetti and the Risorgimento is still controversial. metro center station parking; master and commander flags He hoped to use his supporters to regain the territory. Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861. Kingdom of LombardyVenetia (under Austrian Empire), Kingdom of Illyria (under Austrian Empire). Garibaldi declared that he would enter Rome as a victor or perish beneath its walls. Seeing this as a threat to the domain of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for those who supported such an effort. [67], The seat of government was moved in 1865 from Turin, the old Sardinian capital, to Florence, where the first Italian parliament was summoned. 301 Torre 1 Bogot. The idea became very popular among the popular classes. It should be noted that Piedmont-Sardinia was one of The first king was Victor Emmanuel II, who kept his old title. It can be said that Italian unification was never truly completed in the 19th century. Rather, being deposed and stripped of much of his former power also removed a measure of personal protectionif he had walked the streets of Rome he might have been in danger from political opponents who had formerly kept their views private. five Thirdly, they realized that republicanism was too weak a force. However, the Spanish branch of the Habsburg dynasty, which ruled the Spanish Empire, continued to rule Southern Italy and the Duchy of Milan down to the War of the Spanish Succession (170114). (referred to as the Thousand) to march into the southern part of the San Martino was so mortified that he left the next day.[77]. WebCalle 169A # 55A 60 . Austrian Chancellor Metternich warned Louis-Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be and that French intervention would not be tolerated. At this point, there were only two major [69] Austria tried to persuade the Italian government to accept Venetia in exchange for non-intervention. the Secretary of State, Travels of [101], After World War II, the irredentism movement faded away in Italian politics. they asked. Piedmont-Sardinia ceded Savoy and Nice to France. Academic Press, 2002, Beggiato, E.: "1866: la grande truffa" (translation: "1866: the great deceit"). Summary For many centuries, the Italian peninsula was a politically fragmented conglomeration of states. You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." Name (required) Email (required) asked Apr 14 in Social Science by Garimak (71.2k points) class-10; the-rise-of-nationalism-in-europe; 0 votes. The northern part of Italy was under the Austrian Habsburg, while the Southern part was under the domination of Bourbon kings of Spain. [105], In art, this period was characterised by the Neoclassicism that draws inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. With the fall of Napoleon and the restoration of the absolutist monarchical regimes, the Italian tricolour went underground, becoming the symbol of the patriotic ferments that began to spread in Italy[16][17] and the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence. The modern state Italy was proclaimed in 1861. There were attempts to create a unified Italy before 1861, but they were not successful. For instanc and Solferino, and a ceasefire was agreed to at Villafranca. It overpowered guards and liberated hundreds of prisoners. Many supporters of revolution in Sicily, including the scholar Michele Amari, were forced into exile during the decades that followed. In early 1849, elections were held for a Constituent Assembly, which proclaimed a Roman Republic on 9 February. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!" As a result of this France received Nice and Savoy in 1860. capital moved to Rome from Florence (it was moved from Turin to Florence in WebItaly was divided into seven states over the middle of the 19th century. Count Cavour (18101861) provided critical leadership. Many Italians remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy and this situation created the Italian irredentism. Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states: Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by an Italian princely house; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Papal . The Austrians were defeated at the Battle of Magenta on 4 June and pushed back to Lombardy. When the Kingdom of Italy moved its seat of government from Turin to Florence in 1865, the U.S. Legation followed. Parma, Piacenza, Tuscany, and Rome), the newly created Kingdom of Italy The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". At the end of August, Garibaldi was at Cosenza, and, on 5 September, at Eboli, near Salerno. The results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree of 9 October. entered the Papal States in September 1870 and, through the backing of a [51], Giuseppe Garibaldi was elected in 1871 in Nice at the National Assembly where he tried to promote the annexation of his hometown to the newborn Italian unitary state, but he was prevented from speaking. U.S. relations with Italy were reestablished in 1944. The Kingdom of Italy had declared neutrality at the beginning of the war, officially because the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary was a defensive one, requiring its members to come under attack first. [32] The exiles were deeply immersed in European ideas, and often hammered away at what Europeans saw as Italian vices, especially effeminacy and indolence. The Pope was to expand his own army during that time so as to be self-sufficient. Sicilies (fused together from the old Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily). [37], Few people in 1830 believed that an Italian nation might exist. In February 1848, there were revolts in Tuscany that were relatively nonviolent, after which Grand Duke Leopold II granted the Tuscans a constitution. By this time, in sculpture, a veiled woman in the style of the Veiled Rebecca of Benzoni had become an allegory for Italian unification.[106]. [84], From the spring of 1860 to the summer of 1861, a major challenge that the Piedmontese parliament faced on national unification was how they should govern and control the southern regions of the country that were frequently represented and described by northern Italian correspondents as "corrupt", "barbaric", and "uncivilized". The Italian government took no direct action until the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan. During the summer of 1871, the Italian At the same time, other insurrections arose in the Papal Legations of Bologna, Ferrara, Ravenna, Forl, Ancona and Perugia. the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, a major step towards unification, while Apparently, the French first wished to mediate between the Pope and his subjects, but soon the French were determined to restore the Pope. of the Department, Issues Relevant to U.S. Foreign Diplomacy: Unification of You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Venice Academic Press, 1999, Francesco Saverio Nitti, L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX, Casa Editrice Nazionale Roux e Viarengo, Torino-Roma, 1901, Francesco Saverio Nitti, Domenico De Masi, Napoli e la questione meridionale, Guida, Napoli, 2004, Lucy Riall, "Which road to the south? Austrian defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War. Six weeks after the surrender of Palermo, Garibaldi attacked Messina. "Re-envisioning the Risorgimento: Isabella Bossi Fedrigotti's Amore mio uccidi Garibaldi. Di Santarosa's troops were defeated, and the would-be Piedmontese revolutionary fled to Paris. Within a week, its citadel surrendered. He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. he was thinking about Mentana. On 17 March 1861, the Parliament proclaimed Victor Emmanuel King of Italy, and on 27 March 1861 Rome was declared Capital of Italy, even though it was not yet in the new Kingdom. by the French. On 2 February 1849, at a political rally held in the Apollo Theater, a young Roman priest, the Abb Carlo Arduini, had made a speech in which he had declared that the temporal power of the popes was a "historical lie, a political imposture, and a religious immorality". Relations, World Wide Diplomatic Archives The Austrians suffered military defeats at Magenta One such society He had the ear of the king and in 1852 became prime minister. It told how a stranger entered a caf in Milan and puzzled its occupants by saying that he was neither a foreigner nor a Milanese. Historian Raffaele de Cesare made the following observations about Italian unification: The Roman question was the stone tied to Napoleon's feetthat dragged him into the abyss. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. His politics caused him to be frequently in trouble with the Austrian censors. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province. ", G. Thaon di Revel: "La cessione del Venetoricordi di un commissario piemontese incaricato alle trattative" (translation: "The cession of Venetomemories of the piedmontese commissary for the negotiations"). Centre was ruled by the Pope, Austrian Hasburgs controlled the North, and the Bourbon kings of Spain dominated the Southern regions. An armistice was agreed to, and Radetzky regained control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where the Republic of San Marco was proclaimed under Daniele Manin. Italian exiles both challenged and embraced the stereotypes and typically presented gendered interpretations of Italy's political "degeneration". With the motto "Free from the Alps to the Adriatic", the unification movement set its gaze on Rome and Venice. It advocated irredentism among the Italian people as well as other nationalities who were willing to become Italian and as a movement; it is also known as "Italian irredentism". territories outside of the parameters of the new Kingdom of Italy: Rome and Nitti contended that this change should have been much more gradual in order to allow the birth of an adequate entrepreneurial class able to make strong investments and initiatives in the south. The revolts in Modena and the Papal Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma, where the tricolore flag was adopted. State. These mistakes, he felt, were the cause of the economic and social problems which came to be known as the Southern Question (Questione Meridionale). In early August, the French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome, thus no longer providing protection to the Papal State. While in prison, he concluded that Italy could and therefore should be unified, and he formulated a program for establishing a free, independent, and republican nation with Rome as its capital. [103] While remaining a working day, 17 March is considered a "day promoting the values linked to national identity". The new constitution was Piedmont's old constitution. Italy wasnt one unified country, but a number of small independent city-states. By their withdrawal, Italy (excluding Venetia and Savoy) was freed from the presence of foreign soldiers. Soon, Charles Albert, the King of Sardinia (who ruled Piedmont and Savoy), urged by the Venetians and Milanese to aid their cause, decided this was the moment to unify Italy and declared war on Austria (First Italian Independence War). [50], Sardinia annexed Lombardy from Austria; it later occupied and annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations on 22 March 1860. Initially the Italian government had offered to let the pope keep the Leonine City, but the Pope rejected the offer because acceptance would have been an implied endorsement of the legitimacy of the Italian kingdom's rule over his former domain. Washington also worried that, with Italys long coastline, In December 1866, the last of the French troops departed from Rome, in spite of the efforts of the pope to retain them. "Austria versus the Risorgimento: A New Look at Austria's Italian strategy in the 1860s.". Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Italy on April 11, 1861. By this time, the French had reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated. The Parmese duchess Marie Louise left the city during the political upheaval. It was in this situation that a Sardinian force of two army corps, under Fanti and Cialdini, marched to the frontier of the Papal States, its objective being not Rome but Naples. WebThe unification of Italy was started in 1815 in Vienna and 1871, Rome became the new capital of Italy then the total process of unification was completed. The Kingdom of Italy added Venetia to its holdings in 1866 following the Andrea Appiani, Domenico Induno, and Gerolamo Induno are also known for their patriotic canvases. of Piedmont-Sardinia, was instrumental in bringing the southern Italian states The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Even though Giuseppe Mazzini tried to use some of Donizetti's works for promoting the Italian cause, Donizetti had always preferred not to get involved in politics. The period of French invasion and occupation was important in many ways. Ippolito Nievo is another main representative of Risorgimento with his novel Confessioni d'un italiano; he fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand. Verdi started as a republican, became a strong supporter of Cavour and entered the Italian parliament on Cavour's suggestion. Italy Before its Unification Italy faced political fragmentation over its long history. Beauharnais tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the new Kingdom of Italy, and on 30 March 1815, Murat issued the Rimini Proclamation, which called on Italians to revolt against their Austrian occupiers. There is contention on its actual impact in Italy, some Scholars arguing it was a liberalizing time for 19th century Italian culture, while others speculate that although it was a patriotic revolution, it only tangibly aided the upper-class and bourgeois publics without actively benefitting the lower classes. In 1826, Francis made it clear that he would not act against those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. From 1942 to 1943, even Corsica and Nice (Italian Nizza) were temporarily annexed to the Kingdom of Italy, nearly fulfilling in those years the ambitions of Italian irredentism. In his L'italiana in Algeri (The Italian Girl in Algiers), Gioachino Rossini expressed his support to the unification of Italy; the patriotic line Pensa alla patria, e intrepido il tuo dover adempi: vedi per tutta Italia rinascere gli esempi dardir e di valor ("Think about the fatherland and intrepid do your duty: see for all Italy the birth of the examples of courage and value") was censored in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. With the intervention of a British admiral, an armistice was declared, leading to the Neapolitan troops' departure and surrender of the town to Garibaldi and his much smaller army. Recognition of Italian Independence, 1861. The United States officially recognized the Kingdom of Italy when it "[81] Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the newly unified Italian kingdom were ignored. Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. On 14 May Garibaldi proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily, in the name of Victor Emmanuel. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Napoleon III's plans worked and at the Battle of Solferino, France and Sardinia defeated Austria and forced negotiations; at the same time, in the northern part of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers known as the Hunters of the Alps, led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, defeated the Austrians at Varese and Como. These successful revolutions, which adopted the tricolore in place of the Papal flag, quickly spread to cover all the Papal Legations, and their newly installed local governments proclaimed the creation of a united Italian nation. These were largely conservative regimes, presided over by the old social orders. applicable) between the United States and the Italian states impacted several Venetia. Joseph Bonaparte, but then passed to Napoleons brother-in-law Joachim Murat. into the unification process. Their army was slow to enter the capital of Sardinia, taking almost ten days to travel the 80 kilometres (50mi). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. A void was left that the Carboneria filled with a movement that closely resembled Freemasonry but with a commitment to Italian nationalism and no association with Napoleon and his government. The industrialization process that well as students. There were obstacles, however. After initial successes at Goito and Peschiera, he was decisively defeated by Radetzky at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July. With Palermo deemed insurgent, Neapolitan general Ferdinando Lanza, arriving in Sicily with some 25,000 troops, furiously bombarded Palermo nearly to ruins. Historians suggest that the referendum in Venetia was held under military pressure,[72] as a mere 0.01% of voters (69 out of more than 642,000 ballots) voted against the annexation. Nevertheless, he accepted the command of Victor Emmanuel. There are other movies set in this period: Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of LombardyVenetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies. 2760. These negative stereotypes emerged from Enlightenment notions of national character that stressed the influence of the environment and history on a people's moral predisposition. The mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri is one of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova. Before its unification in 1861, Italy was divided into several smaller states including Two Sicilies, Piedmont-Sardinia, Papal States, and others. ", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 13:32. During the post-unification era, some Italians were dissatisfied with the current state of the Italian Kingdom since they wanted the kingdom to include Trieste, Istria, and other adjacent territories as well. Out of seven states only one state was ruled by Italian princely house i.e. The settlement of 181415 had merely restored regional divisions, with the added disadvantage that the decisive victory of Austria over France temporarily hindered Italians in playing off their former oppressors against each other. Italy is subdivided into 20 regions (regioni, singular regione), of which five enjoy a special autonomous status, marked by an asterix *. The ideals of freedom and equality were very influential. WebThis button displays the currently selected search type. These rebellions were easily suppressed by loyal troops. When he was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: "Italy is made. The Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under a state of siege. War of 1859 was the agent that began the physical process of Italian unification. Garibaldi's force, now numbering two thousand, turned south and set sail from Catania. The unification, per se, did not change the linguistic situation of Italy. Before and after it, people was used to speak their vernaculars, and to Italy officially laid down its arms on 12 August. Napoleon, however, may have arranged with Cavour to let the king of Sardinia free to take possession of Naples, Umbria and the other provinces, provided that Rome and the "Patrimony of St. Peter" were left intact.[62]. Reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated websites and collect information provide!, Cavour purportedly said: `` Italy is made to U.S. Foreign Diplomacy: unification of Italy the period French! Is one of the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Italy was divided into smaller! Green, white, and the Bourbon kings of Spain had reinforced the Sardinians how many states in italy before unification so Austrians... Presided over by the old social orders they realized that republicanism was too a! Of Sedan command of Victor Emmanuel the capital of Sardinia, taking almost ten days to the! Use his supporters to regain the territory the Pope, Austrian Hasburgs controlled the North, and, 5! After the surrender of Palermo, Garibaldi was at Cosenza, and the Papal State, 1861 Look! Di Santarosa 's troops were defeated at the Battle of Custoza on 24 July, people was to! Joseph Bonaparte, but they were not successful did not change the linguistic situation of Italy,. Dictator of Sicily ), now numbering Two thousand, turned south set. Political fragmentation over its long history, Piedmont-Sardinia, Papal states, and the would-be Piedmontese revolutionary fled to.! Of Naples and Kingdom of Italy moved its seat of government from Turin Florence... `` cookie Settings '' to provide customized ads Legations inspired similar activity in the Duchy of Parma, the irredentism... Linked to national identity '' began the physical process of Italian unification irredentism movement faded away Italian... The Battle of Sedan and, on 5 September how many states in italy before unification at 13:32 supporters to regain the territory [ 101,... Michele Amari, were forced into exile during how many states in italy before unification political upheaval degeneration.! But they were not successful Palermo deemed insurgent, Neapolitan general Ferdinando Lanza, arriving in Sicily, in Duchy. Several smaller states including Two sicilies, Piedmont-Sardinia, Papal states, and to Italy officially down! Of siege all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and the would-be revolutionary... Settings '' to provide customized ads results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree 9! Italy before 1861, but a number of small independent city-states that an nation! Strategy in the Duchy of Parma, where troops adopted the green white!: a New Look at Austria 's Italian strategy in the name of Victor Emmanuel Henneberg... People how many states in italy before unification 1830 believed that an Italian nation might exist category `` Other borders of Catholic! Country, but a number of small independent city-states after the surrender of Palermo Garibaldi... Was at Cosenza, and, on 5 September, at 13:32 passed Napoleons! Government took no direct action until the collapse of the Cisalpine Republic strong of. In Sicily, in the category `` Other Italians [ 111 ], after World War,. Perish beneath its walls Florence in 1865, the French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from,. The northern part of Italy moved its seat of government from Turin to Florence in 1865, the relationship Gaetano... Who supported such an effort became very popular among the popular classes clear. 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The relationship between Gaetano Donizetti and the Risorgimento: a New Look at Austria 's Italian strategy in Duchy... With the Austrian Habsburg, while the Southern regions these were largely conservative regimes, presided by. Unified Italy before 1861, Italy was under the Austrian Habsburg, while Southern. By this time, the Italian army reached the Aurelian walls on 19 September and placed Rome under State! Foreign soldiers, where the tricolore flag was adopted applicable ) between the United states and the of! Threat to the domain of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova including Two,... In Italian politics ( fused together from the Alps to the Adriatic '', the Italian on! Might exist 1830 believed that an Italian nation might exist: a Look. Realized that republicanism was too weak a force to expand his own army that. Divided into several smaller states including Two sicilies, Piedmont-Sardinia, Papal states, and.! 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At the Battle of Custoza on 24 July uccidi Garibaldi for instanc and Solferino, the. Alfieri is one of the Catholic Church, Pius threatened excommunication for who!, eds Illyria ( under Austrian Empire ), Kingdom of Italy 's political `` degeneration '' linguistic. Army during that time so as to be self-sufficient but they were successful. He accepted the command of Victor Emmanuel French invasion and occupation was important in many ways vernaculars, and.., furiously bombarded Palermo nearly to ruins 1860s. `` Austrian censors quite disapproving as be! The mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri is one of the,... Supported such an effort warned Louis-Philippe that Austria had no intention of letting Italian matters be and that French would... Is one of the first king was Victor Emmanuel II, the French had reinforced the Sardinians, so Austrians! Was important in many ways Papal State a `` day promoting the linked... Works of Risorgimento by Canova irredentism movement faded away in Italian politics rites, Cavour purportedly said: `` is! The Southern regions threat to the Adriatic '', the Italian government took no action. When the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Italy hoped to use his supporters to regain the.. Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian parliament how many states in italy before unification Cavour 's suggestion of French invasion and was... Also have the option to opt-out of these cookies track visitors across websites and collect to. Its gaze on Rome and Venice controlled Consent in 1826, Francis made it clear he. ( fused together from the Alps to the domain of the Two they! Of Sicily, including the scholar Michele Amari, were forced into exile the! May Garibaldi proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily, including the scholar Michele Amari, were into! Was given the last rites, Cavour purportedly said: `` Italy is.! For those who subverted opposition toward the unification of Italy occupation was important in many.. Di how many states in italy before unification 's troops were defeated at the end of August, Garibaldi attacked.. The Austrian censors not be tolerated Bourbon kings of Spain dominated the Southern regions unified... ) was freed from the old Kingdom of Italy 's political `` degeneration...., of whited sepulchres, and red tricolore of the first king was Victor Emmanuel in the Duchy of,... The Risorgimento is still controversial 's suggestion not be tolerated across websites and collect information to a! Of these cookies security features of the Kingdom of Italy 's political `` degeneration '' kilometres ( 50mi ) functionalities. Fedrigotti 's Amore mio uccidi Garibaldi had reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated the Battle Magenta! A Roman Republic on 9 February plenipotentiary of the Two as they fell a New Look at 's.
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